Postmodern and Existential/Psychoanalytical curriculum theory Essay

The terms I had the most difficulty defining from the exercise were Postmodern and Existential/Psychoanalytical curriculum theory. I find that these theories assume a class body which I understand intellectually but have difficulty imagining. In Scenario 6 (AIU, 2006) about postmodernism where the teacher is discussing how technology furthers cultural elitism, this would require a very advanced class of students. It is an approach which would only really impact 11th and 12th graders who have studied history and understand cultural elitism. In addition, even if the students have studied the history, the material requires experience the students have only caught glimpses of. Certainly a discussion a little above the students comfort zone would lead to critical thinking, but it runs the risk of this vulnerable age using the belief that technology will somehow lead to oppression to stop them from seeing how it could lead to equalization of inequality. A postmodern approach would take a special teacher and a special set of students to be effective. The problem I had with the Existential/Psychoanalytical theory of Scenario 7 (AIU, 2006) is that it assumes that you as a teacher really know a student. What a teacher observes of their student may not be accurate, and it takes a dedicated teacher to take the necessary time to understand what direction a student should take their potential. Students have great potential for many diverse things from, for example, being great artists or activists or sports commentators. Teachers must examine their own biases to make sure that they are not encouraging one potential over another due to cultural, sexual or racial biases and perceptions. Similarities and differences among theories. Walker’s deliberative approach to curriculum development is similar to a postmodern approach. In both approaches it is assumed that curriculum is shaped by particular beliefs and values held by curriculum makers. For the deliberative approach these biases are mitigated by the makers open discussion of beliefs and values and attempt to come to neutral ground before designing the curriculum (Scenario 3). In postmodernism, the teacher allows the receivers of the curriculum to provide input on and conceptualize the effects of the curriculum before it is implemented (Scenario 6). The Existential/Psychoanalytical approach, Hilda Taba’s approach, Eisner’s approach and the Autobiographical/Biographical approach to curriculum development all share a central tenant that students are individuals. However, Existential/ Psychoanalytical theory optimistically focuses on nurturing who the student will be in the future (AIU, 2006, Scenario 7) while Taba’s needs assessment tends to focus on present deficiencies (AIU, 2006, Scenario 5). In contrast, the Autobiographical/Biographical theory focuses on how human differences in experience shape the developmental journey from the present to the future (AIU, 2006, Scenario 4). Eisner is more Autobiographical in theory but focuses on providing the right opportunity to learn rather than strict direction (AIU, 2006, Scenario 1).

Factors Influencing Growth and Development Essay

The environmental impacts on one’s behavior can often determine factors that will shape future behaviors. During critical and sensitive periods development can be greatly affected. Critical periods occur when the existence of certain types of environmental stimuli become necessary for development to continue conventionally. It is theorized that development during the critical period is easily influenced, specifically in the area of personality and social development. On the other hand, during sensitive periods the organism becomes particularly vulnerable to certain types of stimuli in their environment. Unlike critical periods, the absence of stimuli in a sensitive period does not always result in immutable consequences. Societal influences are believed to play a large role on the environmental impacts of development. The way we have been socialized or conditioned is a response to environmental stimuli. For instance, gender is something socially constructed and society places expectations on individuals according to their gender, which will determine the roles they will later fulfill in society. A publication from U.C. Santa Cruz states the following of gender acquisition and the societal influences that are perpetuated around them. Gender stereotypes in infants are perpetuated by society’s expectations and perceptions. Societal influences, preconceived notions and expectations enforce already existing gender stereotypes†¦ Read more: Essay explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. In the study of forty-eight children, their mothers, and 16 college students, gender based stereotypes influenced interaction with infants which in turn socialized the infants to conform to their respective gender role. Ratings of the female infants centered on their small size and beauty. Male infants are judged usually according to their ability and intelligence. While evidence of gender stereotyping in infant ratings are becoming less dominant after adolescence, sex stereotyping in adults’ behavior towards infants has changed little. Obviously, society shapes the gender stereotypes that both children and adults hold. (Rivera, 1996)

Strategic Capital Management,  Llc

HBS  Case  9? 202? 024   Strategic  Capital  Management,  LLC Instruction  for  the  Case  Report The  case  report  carries  10  marks  and  should  follow  the  structure  suggested  below. It   should  have  at  most  6  pages  including  the  cover  page,  and  should  be  printed  with  line  space   1. 5  lines  and  font  size  12. The  cover  page  should  contain  the  name  of  the  group,  student   name  and  ID  number. There  is  one  mark  for  the  clarity  of  the  writing. Note  that  lecturers   will  help  you  to  clarify  conceptual  issues  but  not  specific  case  questions  and  calculations.The  report  is  due  at  5pm  Friday  March  29  in  the  submission  box  on  Level  3  of  Block  D. No  electronic  submission  will  be  accepted. Late  submission  carries  point  deduction:  5  marks   for  1? day  (or  less)  overdue,  8  marks  for  2? day  overdue,  and  all  10  marks  for  3? day  (or  more)   overdue. Exception  will  be  considered  only  for  medical  reasons. Case  Report  Structure:   I. Case  background  (0. 5  mark)   ? II. ? III. ? Create  a  table  with  the  key  dates,  events,  and  decisions  to  be  made.Investing  in  hedge  funds  Ã‚  (1  mark)   Key  differences  with  mutual  funds  in  terms  of  investment  strategy,  risk,  and  reward. Arbitrage  opportunity  (2  mark)   Was  there  an  arbitrage  opportunity  on  Dec  9? What  should  be  the  arbitrage   transactions  (long  or  short  in  each  stock,  number  of  Ubid  shares  for  each  share  of   Creative  Computers)? ? Elena  is  required  to  post  cash  collateral  for  her  short  position. Should  she  borrow  to   purchase  Creative  Computers  (CC)? The  initial  margin  is  50%  for  both  long  and  short

E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

E-Commerce - Essay Example Considering the business nature of Whalen Clean and Tidy which provides cleaning services to local office buildings, setting up a website to targeted audience could involve extensive online marketing approach to gain both offline and online visibility. Since this kind of business is not that much common, the site to be created needs to be noticed by customers. To do this marketing, we can apply these approaches: Search Engine Placement and SEO – Search engine is a standard way to find any Internet site and of which includes online shopping sites. A large number of online shoppers utilizes online search engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo!, MSN, etc.) to find their products, services and any desired information about a thing. Conventional Advertising – this may include advertising in TV, newspapers, etc. Using this type of advertising may not seem soothing with the Internet address as its statement. Apparently, still online business recommends this traditional way. Exchange Links – Outbound links from other relevant site referrals can boost you search engine rankings and exposure. Links are included on a variety of other sites with a variety of deals being done. It is also important to consider the website usability; this should conform to the web standards which will allow customers browse the site with ease. Order processing should also be processed online, orders or bookings for cleaning services which is basically linked with a back-office system. Payments for booking can be done on different modes – cash, check, or credit cards. Considering payment processing and posting bookings, security is now a primary concern since online payments are offered. This ensures customers that the transaction online will be secured and confidential. This will help them increase trust and confidence in doing business with you. The necessity of these elements is of high

In what ways has the fashion blog changed fashion journalism Essay

In what ways has the fashion blog changed fashion journalism - Essay Example The contemporary society which is characterized by the application of information and communication technology in various economic, social and political activities has found increasing use of the internet in the communication of fashion. The advent of the internet has contributed greatly to fashion journalism as facilitated by fashion blogs and websites. This paper gives a critical analysis and discussion of fashion journalism in relation to the fashion blog and how it has transformed fashion journalism. Traditionally fashion journalism involved the presentation of fashion designs by writer and publishers in books. Magazines and newspaper were also common print forms of fashion journalism. Craik (1997) points out that with the advent of computer and their application in communication via the innovative internet application, fashion websites and blogs have become the most common media through which fashion journalism is being perpetuated and communicated to the audience. Magazines and newspapers are also significantly used in the modern fashion journalism to communicate images and messages on fashion. However the internet is the most preferred media for fashion journalism. Blood (2002) explains that fashion blogs are preferred in fashion journalism because of their effectiveness in passing information on fashion to the audience. Additionally, fashion blogs provide a means through which fashion writers and producers would reach a great audience. This is because of the nature of the in ternet in providing global reach for information on fashion. With the evolution of fashion journalism, its production has also changed significantly over the years. Independent Fashion Bloggers (2012) demonstrate that the traditional production of fashion images and messages by writer involved writing of scripts on fashion which were published through long processes of book production. The production of fashion images involved black and white images which

The Dim Lighting Company Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Dim Lighting Company - Coursework Example 2. The second macroeconomic issue is the recent poor performance of the Dim Lighting Company subsidiary that Jim West manages that is the subject of this case. â€Å"last year the division failed to realize its operating targets, and profit margins dropped by 15 percent.† West is not mistaken to believe that this might affect his future with the company. More importantly and more to the point it is a problem for the corporate parent and would be a problem for any manager in any industry. Interestingly, the microeconomic problems confronting the subsidiary are relatively independent of the macroeconomic issues and focus on human resources issues. In a nutshell, both Jim West and Robert Spinks are small-minded and self-centered. They both need an attitude adjustment. 1. Jim West is not illogical when he worries that his career with the Dim Lighting Company is not affected positively by his subsidiary's poor performance. However, there is nothing personal about that situation. His job is to manage a profitable subsidiary and if it is not doing so he needs to be looking for solutions not obsessing over his personal fortunes. 2. Robert Spinks â€Å"is recognized as a talented scientist.† His staff is motivated by his scientific abilities and relevant professional organizations have recognized his abilities and achievements. However, that brilliance clearly does not translate into social intelligence. He left his former job over interpersonal-related issues and is regarded as â€Å"autocratic, strong-willed, and impatient† by other Dim Lighting Company managers. 2. The rapid changes in lighting technology are reflective of the overall emergence of the new Green economy. For economic reasons and the emergence of sustainability as a key corporate goal economy-wide are making energy efficiency in all industries essential. That is driving the demand for energy efficient solutions in all elements of the economy.

Human Computer Interaction PowerPoint Presentation

Human Computer Interaction - PowerPoint Presentation Example On the other hand, most students described the second website as very good owing to the ease with, which one can navigate through it and detailed information provided therein. In the second website, readers can also download PDF documents in that contain detailed information. The main reason for selecting the two websites above is based on the fact that they provide relatively more elaborate information as compared to the other websites that were examined. They also included some background photos that basically attract web browsers. However, these websites can be improved by including more photos and provision of more pages with proper and attractive images to attract users. Moreover, user engagement on these websites can be improved through provision of contacts where users can seek for further information. The websites can also create user-feedback sections to ensure that their users are engaged by providing information in relation to the various features of their websites i.e. indicating whether the information in the website is useful and whether the website is easy to use. "Managing supply chain risk - A HCL perspective." HCL Technologies: Transformational Global Services for IT and Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. . "Perspective: HCL Technologies - Retail Technology Vendor Profile - AP9140603U." Perspective: HCL Technologies - Retail Technology Vendor Profile - AP9140603U. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Activity Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Activity - Essay Example The rationale for CSR has been about building sustainable businesses that require healthy economies, communities, and markets (Asian-Occasion Computing Industry Organization, 2004). CSR has been recognized as that responsibility of business houses that are relevant for acting in a socially responsible way. The concept of CSR is linked to the process of business decision making related to ethical values, respect for people, legal compliance, environment, and community. CSR is that aspect of the business which induces a company for going further than it is demanded by law. The following dimensions are significant in requirements for success of CSR: Treatment of employees with respect and fairness Operate in an ethical manner and with integrity in its business deals with suppliers, customers, lenders and others Respect the rights of human beings Sustaining environment for generations to come Become a responsible neighbour within society along with evolving as a fair ‘corporate cit izen’ (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2005) CSR has evolved as the latest buzz word to which companies are getting attentive. Governments are also keen on the aspect that companies follow CSR since social welfare has become the responsibility of both private and public sector. CSR should be viewed by the corporate as being guided by social conscience and not by force of any external sources. Considering the level of importance of CSR, this research study has been undertaken that will deal with the entire perspective of the concept in today’s corporate world. 2.0 Historical Developments The concept of CSR is not new to the world as it has evolved since the concept of business has started. CSR is such a principle that reviews that corporate has a responsibility towards society apart from the objective of profit maximization. CSR has emerged throughout the years and has evolved as an important part of corporate. The historical development of CSR will be presented with r espect to its perspectives of growth and development from the period during the 1960s till the present time. 2.1 CSR during the 60s An organization for economic cooperation and development was created when OECD Convention was signed in Paris on 14/12/60 and came into effect on 30/9/61. The convention was created for promoting policies that were designed on achieving three important objectives.

Public Opinion and Media Coverage of Labor Unions Article

Public Opinion and Media Coverage of Labor Unions - Article Example Print media, therefore, have the ability to shape new opinion and to influence and stabilize existing public opinions because of their reach to masses. Therefore, it should be mentioned that if media would portray the positive image of labor unions (an interest group) then the public would have positive perceptions, sympathetic attitudes, opinion, and moral support. In contrast, if media would indulge in the negative portrayal of unionism in the corporate sector (either unintentional or intentional) then the probability of negative public opinion when ould increase (excluding union members as they are least affected). Nevertheless, Schmidt’s actual argument is about the involvement ent of media in faulty coverage of labor unions, which then result in the creation of negative attitudes and opinions about unionism among masses. For instance, the independents and non-members followed by Republicans are ones who actually form negative opinions about unions, which is largely based on information provided incredible news the papers such as Times and others etc. The claim was valid as it had been statistically proved in the light of results that indicated the positive relationship between negative media coverage and unsympathetic public opinions. After analyzing the findings of Schmidt (1993), Meister (n.d), Puette (1992) and Chermak (1995), I would like to highlight that print media mostly focus on coverage of union corruption and violent strikes in a dramatic manner so that the news becomes spicy and entices more readers. In addition, it has been a proven fact (the reference to research by menti oned authors) that the journalists (during 1970 – 1995) have remained nonchalant to peaceful and uneventful dispute resolution. Indeed, a rational analyzer should condemn the past attitude of journalists because it led to a portrayal of the ly negative side (and biased) of labor unionism in a highly exaggerated manner. Hence, the public also viewed unions as more â€Å"socially unresponsive, elitist, nondemocratic and ridden by crime†. Meister (n.d) have called that news is presented, just to attract masses, then away as if there has been an inevitable tussle and war between unions and employers / firm owners. In fact, I would argue that it resembles yellow journalism because of exaggeration and dramatics involved.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 3

Strategic Management - Essay Example This assists various firms to get by its complexity thus competing with a variety of factors that influence the operation of business in a specific area. The marketing system of a company must operate within the framework of forces that are made up of the system’s environment. The core environmental forces are external variables, which are not easily manipulated by the board of directors of the organization. Adequate planning must be put in place in order to make sure that the business environment is suitable enough and ready to put the firm or rather organization to the excellent position in the market region. In case a business structure is not well conversant of the environment in which it operates, then it will definitely face challenges that arises from the increasing complexity of the environment within the parameter of operation. The simplest and best method to conduct the analysis of the complex environment in which a business operates is through the PEST analysis concept that simply analyses the elements of Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological factors that causes impact to the organization. The extern al environment entails variables of opportunities and threats that the top management within the organization cannot control within the short-run. This concept involves monitoring and evaluation of information from external and internal sources. This is always done in order to know the position of the organization within its environment of operation. Through this, an organization will know whether it has a competitive advantage or it is on the position that is not favourable. Through this process, the organization will face challenges arising from the complexity of the environment of operation. The concept of understanding the management strategy and effectiveness of an organization is not that easy since it

Self Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Self Evaluation Essay I was quite confident about my writing style and had the impression that I am competent enough. But when more than one of my projects got remarks like ‘improve your writing skill’ and ‘work hard on your writing style’, I was shocked and was unable to look for my faults. I had to discuss with one of my teachers who explained that I was using parallelism in my writing style, which was quite boring and repetitive. Then I noticed that I was using some of the words quite a lot of time and they were even repeated quite a lot of times in one single sentence. When I read my story I found that lots of characters were created which either confused the reader or left them bewildered. I had to really work hard so that I make my essays or stories interesting for the reader. While analyzing my early essays I found that most of the time I got diverted from the main stream of discussion and wasted my pages on not so important issues. I now understand it was because I need to draw on outline of my essay before finally writing it. I should deal the objectives and organize them according to the preferences required hile writing it. Repetitive use of words or phrases spoils the charm of writing and fails to make story interesting. Even if the plot is good and organized, it needs to be appealing so that the reader finds it out of the ordinary. I had the idea that repetitive use of words and phrases add weight to your work but it is not in essays or stories. It gives the impression that the writer is using same words just because he is lacking original ideas for the story. This gives a bad impression and cuts your marks eventually. I was always against plagiarism and had the idea that it is just copying word by word of some other writer’s work. But even if you use some facts by changing few words with their synonyms is also categorized under plagiarism. It was quite difficult to understand this issue but I will have to work on it so that my essays are not remarked as ‘plagiarized’. I use sources from Internet or some times related books to research on any matter. I have written different essays on numerous subjects and all I was able to find on Internet. I researched and then collected the matter, read and organized them and wrote iving my opinion on the issue. I have been getting experienced in different types of essays dealing personal as well as public issues. I worked on various writing styles like MLA format, APA format, Chicago style and many more. Initially these were quite new for me but as I worked cautiously and followed the instructions it has become quite easy for me now. To mesmerize the reader it is important to maintain the charm of your topic and suspense of the story till its end. For a good writer it is important that the reader has lots of quarries hile reading the story so that he is not in a position to leave reading it until he ends it. It is an ongoing process and one needs to improve a lot to become a good writer. Lots of practice and a good guidance will help you improve your writing skills. When I was first pointed out with my mistakes I thought I would never be able to improve these things as they come in flow of my natural way of writing. But I was wrong because during the course I was not only able to get rid of my drawbacks but also improved and made my writing style interesting from the point of view of readers. Now this is the most important thing for a writer and he/she can get rewards only when his work gets appreciated by his/her readers. There are lots of things to be taken in to consideration when you research on writing skills and you will feel that you need to learn quite a lot of stuff on the art of writing. It is actually a vast area and there are things that are required to learn and some areas get developed with your experience too. I found that the areas, which used to involve me for hours while writing an essay is now engaging me for remarkably less time. These all happened because of correct learning procedure and practice also. As far as parallelism is considered it is not completely useless but you will find it very useful while writing employment documents. Here you need to put stress on some person or his qualities and it is effective only when you repeat words and phrases. So avoiding parallel style of writing entirely is not right. There are times when you need to echo some facts and there you will need this style along with balance and rhythm so that you are able to convey your actual meaning and intention.

Of Mice and Men Question Lennies big fingers fell to stroking her hair Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Question Lennies big fingers fell to stroking her hair Essay The pathetic figure of Lennie seems to symbolise mankind in its search for love. Do you agree? How does Steinbeck treat this theme in Of Mice and Men? In the book, Of Mice and Men, Lennie an opposite extreme to George; George is quite smart but not very tall or exceptionally strong, Lennie on the other hand is extremely stupid and very tall with exceptional strength. The way Steinbeck writes about Lennie, the audience feels great pity for him; the dialogue is very basic and he has trouble remembering simple tasks like keeping silent. The way he speaks can be related to the same way a three year old speaks; Lennie has the same sort of mind as a three year and is pleased by the same things. He has an affinity to touch everything and that is how he came to be stroking the ladys hair. The way Lennie acts, speaks and looks creates a strong sympathy for him in the readers mind and Steinbeck plays on this to give the overall plot of the story. The idea that Lennie symbolises mankind in its search for love is what I believe is not a very good theory. The main basis for this is because Lennie does not understand what love is and the idea that mans job in life is to look for love does not appeal to me. I do not think that a man goes around looking for love but love finds him, George did not ask to be loved by Lennie or to even take him on, he was offered and he made a promise. The only way which I believe that a man looks for love is through what he enjoys doing. If you love playing football then you are in search of your chance to be a footballer, you are in search of your love. This is the only in which I think this theme works in Of Mice and Men. Lennie loves George in a way which he does not understand, but George has grown to love him through their escapades together. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses love in a lot of ways; one way is Georges love of his dream. George fantasizes about owning his own little cottage with land he can farm on, he loves his dream and wishes it to come true. Lennie loves all creatures be it mice or puppies, he adores them and just loves to pet them and stroke them like a toddler loves to touch anything it can lay its hands on. Candy loved his dog and spent all his time with it, Curley loves boxing and spends most of his time practicing with his fists, Curleys wife loves acting and deeply regrets missing her chance. Love plays a great part in Of Mice and Men, but nothing is as strong as the love between Lenny and George, George only realises how much he loves Lennie when Lennie is under the death sentence. George risks his own life to save Lennie and he realises that he will thoroughly miss Lennie. The theme that man is in search of love is also incorporated into Of Mice and Men by Steinbecks pen. George is in search of his dream cottage and every possible way to get it, the cottage is his love and he would go to no extreme to reach it. Lennies love is of keeping a heard of rabbits, he is constantly referring to them in the book and would love to have them. However he is letting George pursue the search to get them for him because he is completely incapable of getting them himself. Crooks is in search of finding friends to sit and talk with or being accepted by the other men on the ranch. His love is gain friends and become one of the gang and be allowed to play cards with them in the bunkhouse. Curley is in search of becoming a boxer, he loves using his fists and he is searching for his chance to become a boxer again. Curleys Wife is constantly searching for her chance to escape from Curley and become and actress, she loves acting so she is in search for a career in acting. The idea of searching for love is incorporated a lot into Of Mice and Men; every main character is in search of his or her love whether it be human, animal or even a career.

Harm Reduction And Zero Tolerance

Harm Reduction And Zero Tolerance In this essay the author will explore and critically evaluate harm reduction in drug rehabilitation versus zero tolerance approaches, with reference to public policy issues in drug use. Drawing on available literature on the policy context, and on literature and evidence from the rehabilitation domain, the author will develop a discursive analysis of how harm reduction can present a workable and potentially valuable intervention solution in developing concrete policies which might effectively address this rapidly increasing social need. Harm reduction is a process by which those involved in the rehabilitation process with illegal drug users attempt to reduce the risks of drug taking behaviour rather than trying to eradicate drug use altogether. In Australia, drug users have traditionally been addressed with a zero tolerance approach, in which the drug user is counselled towards complete abstinence from drug use (Wodak and Moore, 2002). Socio-politically this approach is both lauded and condemned and both for good reason. A reorientation away from legal and punitive, law enforcement approaches to controlling illegal drug trafficking and use and towards a health-oriented model of rehabilitation of drug users is now taking place (Wodak and Moore, 2002), mimicking international trends based on research evidence. Thus the policy context has been subject to pressure to engage in new approaches to drug rehabilitation (Wodak and Moore, 2002). Thus policy responses to the moral model of drug use have been viewed as insuffici ent, and the disease model of drug use has grown in popularity in socio-political and therapeutic arenas (Hamilton and Cape, 2002). Australia and New Zealand have both adopted this approach, which is both pragmatic and forward thinking (Hamilton and Cape, 2002). However, it could be argued that this approach represents societies and their governments affording license to an immoral trade which has a significant negative personal, social and medical, not to mention economic, impact on society. This approach accepts that drug use is a common feature of human experience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ recognises that abstinence may be the ultimate goal, but accepts that this may not be achievable (or desirable) at least in the short-term (Hamilton and Cape, 2002, p 24). Thus social and political critics can view this as a tolerant attitude which fails to punish those who perpetrate the drug trade and cause significant suffering amongst those who abuse illegal and harmful drugs. All psychoactive drugs have the potential to cause some type of harm (Rumbold and Hamilton, 1998), and as such, represent a risk to the individual and society. However, drug use is viewed by many as normal social behaviour (Rumbold and Hamilton, 1998), and therefore policies which totally outlaw drug use can be viewed as inappropriate. Harm reduction strategies in Australia as enshrined in the National Drug Strategy (Rumbold and Hamilton, 1998), and as such present a more cohesive approach to managing the multiple facets of the problem or social phenomenon that is illicit drug use. Although law enforcement advocates argue that harm reduction strategies are not as effective as their own, economically, treatment and rehabilitation are actually much more cost effective in decreasing drug consumption (King, 1998). However, it is also possible to view legal, legislative and law enforcement approaches themselves as a form of harm reduction. Kutin (1998) shows how leglisative and law enforcement approaches have reduced violence associated with alcohol use. Harm reduction approaches, therefore, need not be viewed as diametrically opposed to the law enforcement approach, and this would argue that current policy orientations which encompass both approaches are actually the ideal way in which to approach the ongoing social an d public health drivers requiring an effective response from the policy level right down to the therapeutic level. According to Hellawell (1995 in Kutin, 1998, p 181): More realistic goals include attempting to reduce the frequency of sue, the quantity and toxicity of drugs consumed and to reduce harm to drug users and the community generally. Harm reduction must be embraced. Police strategies must encompass all these elements. There is ample evidence that harm reduction strategies are beneficial to indvidual clients, and represent the opportunity for significant public health improvement (Ritter and Cameron, 2006). However, McKeganey (2006) shows that in relation to the growth of the prevalence of drug abuse, and the increase in occurrence of drug related harms, including drug related crime, it is now the time to make drug prevention, rather than harm reduction, the focus of policy and practice. Futterman et al (2005) suggest a therapeutic approach which combines effective therapies with harm reduction strategies, working on behaviours with an overall end point of reducing drug use. But the ongoing arguments both for and against harm reduction policies are subject to forces which relate to key features of harm reduction, including: the primary goal being reducing harm rather than reducing drug use; the acceptance that drugs are a part of social life and cannot be eradicated from this; harm reduction is a c omprehensive public health framework; the priority is achievable and immediate goals; and that harm reduction is based upon values of pragmatism and humanism (Ritter and Cameron, 2006). This means that while reducing harm may be an improvement for the individual, and may be more realistic and achievable, there will always be groups and individuals who do not believe that this is a sufficiently aggressive approach, and while harm reduction produces individual benefits (Riley and OHare, 2000; Christie and Anderson, 2003), it does not prevent drug use or remove the threat, risk and harm associated with this practice, and it does not punish those who are effectively breaking the law. Ultimately, many will always reject a humanistic approach which is so pragmatic as to tolerate law breaking and the potential causing of harm to others, as well as to the self (Christie et al, 2008). Yet the evidence remains clear that harm reduction strategies can impact on drug use rates, on risk-associated behaviour such as needle sharing, and on transmission of blood-borne diseases and engagement in rehabilitaton (Hunt, 2005; Stoltz et al, 2007; Strathdee et al, 1999). Therefore, public policies may be subject to an ethical imperative to address illegal drug use via every possible (and effective route), because the long term social costs of untreated drug dependency are of such significance (Wall et al, 2000). Therefore, it could be argued that the zero tolerance approach is, as already demonstrated, not sufficiently effective on its own, and that the harm reduction approach, as one element of a wider policy framework, is likely to bring benefits in the longer term.

Smoking; Who Does it Really Affect? Essay -- Health, informative, expos

Secondhand smoke is extremely hazardous. It can cause death and dangerous health defects. Therefore, smoking is not only bad for the smoker, but for people around him or her too. However, there are only few laws that restrict public smoking. More legislation on smoking restrictions is needed because secondhand smoke causes asthma attacks in children, heart disease in adults, and sudden infant death syndrome in babies. These health problems are a result of the harmful chemicals in cigarettes. According to the National Cancer Institute, Beryllium, Butadiene, Chromium, Nickel, and Polonium are just a few of the 69 deadly chemicals that can cause cancer. The Office of the Surgeon General has proven that when inhaled, the same cancer-causing chemicals that smokers breathe enter the non-smokers body through secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke is the combination of the smoke given off by a burning tobacco product (side stream smoke) and the smoke exhaled by a smoker (mainstream smoke). Because side stream smoke is made at lower temperatures and under different conditions than mainstream smoke, it has larger amounts of many of the toxins found in cigarette smoke. [National Cancer Institute]. Secondhand smoke has over 50 chemicals that cause cancer, and a minimum of 250 can harm you [National Cancer Institute and Office of the Surgeon General]. â€Å"The National Toxicology program estimates that at least those 250 chemicals in secondhand smoke are known to be toxic or carcinogenic† [Office of the Surgeon General]. The National Institutes of Health shows that environmental smoke is hurtful enough that it is considered a â€Å"Group A† carcinogen. â€Å"Group A carcinogens are the most toxic substances known to cause cancer in humans† [National Institut... ...g to worry about inhaling someone else’s smoke. Therefore, the government needs to take secondhand smoke seriously, and take precautions to help innocent bystanders from being subject to secondhand smoke. Works Cited American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2010. Atlanta, GA: 2010. Print. American Heart Association. â€Å"Environmental (Secondhand) Tobacco Smoke.† n.p. 29 Nov. 2010. Web. 8 May 2011. National Cancer Institute. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1999. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 10. National Institutes of Health. â€Å"Other People’s Smoke.† n.p. n.d. Web. 8 May 2011 Office of the Surgeon General, â€Å"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General.† U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 4 Jan. 2007. Web. 8 May 2011.

We Must Demand the Moral and Ethical Application of Technology :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

We Must Demand the Moral and Ethical Application of Technology Since the beginning of human history, earth has appeared as a nutshell that encloses many secrets. These secrets have hindered man from accomplishing his dream of mastering the world. However, as need is known to be the mother of invention, man has started to be critical about every phenomenon that takes place. Accordingly, learning has been regarded as an important tool for the improvement of humanity. Throughout the years, education has given birth to a huge database of scientific principles. Technology is known to be the application of scientific principles to the problems of everyday life. Technology is the ability of no other species but humans. Moreover, technological activity has been a measure of civilization. One cannot imagine a society without technology, as it will hardly be advanced or long-lived. Technology in itself is morally and ethically neutral. However, it is a double-edged weapon. The twentieth century has witnessed an extreme upheaval in the negative usage of te chnology. Therefore, many voices have been raised asking for a moral technology that respects human rights and ethical codes. It is very important to discuss this issue together with the role of various institutions that trigger the widespread of this idea for the benefit of humanity and for a better future on earth. Aristotle has outlined that man, when perfected, is the best of animals, but, when separated from law and justice, he is the worst of all. Technology has been used primarily for the welfare of humanity. Through technological advancements, many secrets of the universe have been revealed contributing to the overall man civilization. No one can deny that good and evil are as old as the existence of man on earth. However, one can trace that as man reaches more and more progress, he looses more and more of his good instinctive human nature. This interesting but depressing relation poses many questions concerning the effect of technology on our lives. Sadly, we have witnessed many examples that show us that many immoral actions and unethical practices have been a sign of the last decades. It is crucial to define some terminologies that add a lot to our understanding of our life in general such as human rights, ethics, and morality.   These important concepts will help us to see technolog y in a wider vision rather than the narrow one that most people perceive.

journeyhod A Journey into the Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

A Journey into the Heart of Darkness   The white man is evil, or so says Joseph Conrad in his novel Heart of Darkness, which describes the colonial transformation of the symbolically angelic African wilderness into an evil haven for the white man.   The novel presents a psychological journey into the core of evil or "heart of darkness" in one's own mind, as he or she progresses through the jungle. The reader follows Marlow, the novel's narrator, along such a journey.   His psychological changes as he approaches the heart of darkness are evident, as the reader observes, in his views of the African natives, lying and Kurtz.     Marlow is an honest man.   He sets out on a genuine search for answers to his questions of exploration of the unknown "when (he) was a little chap" (Conrad 64).   Marlow was drawn to a certain place on the world map, called the Congo "the biggest, the most blank, so to speak---that (he) had a hankering after" (Conrad 64). Upon first entering the mouth of the Congo River, Marlow declares his stance on lies and those who lie.   [He believes that lying in the worst thing for a person.] He vows never to lie in his life.   After reading Kurtz's report about his progress down the Congo, Marlow finds that Kurtz lied, and in part loses all the respect he ever had for Kurtz.   However, Marlow still continues to pursue him.   Marlow continues his journey up the Congo River, penetrating further and further into the heart of darkness.   In the process, Marlow reverts back to his innate state to survive, whether or not that means going against his principles.   Finally, 200 mi les later, Marlow meets Kurtz, who is the object of his psychological desire, only to find him very ill.   After Kurtz's death, Marlow finds himself transformed into a person he thought he would never become, a liar.   Marlow lies to Kurtz's intended about Kurtz's last words when he returns to Europe. After being consumed by the heart of darkness, Marlow throws away his previous values as he reverts into a savaged, almost evil state of mind.     Though honest, Marlow is a prejudiced man; he is the epitome of colonialism.   Going into the Congo, Marlow views the natives as prehistoric evils in desperate need of white influence and civilization. Throughout the physical journey, Marlow is confronted with the natives time and time again, seeing them chained as slaves, living in a village and attacking his own steam boat.

Szabist

Service offering And Variety Augmenting the Core Product: The shostack’s molecular model can help identify the tangible and intangible elements involved in service industry. For Szabist the intangible element includes the knowledge they provide to a student in different fields for example BBA, media sciences etc. The grooming of personality, to work in teams, the education which is the core product of Szabist. The tangible element includes the degree provided by Szabist. Nature of Service Offering: Core Product:The core product Szabist provide is quality education. Supplementary Service: The supplementary service Szabist includes extra-curricular activities such as computer labs, libraries, sports room, the societies and affiliation to foreign universities. Delivery Process: Szabist delivery process is through the faculty they hire for providing quality education. The documentation of all the records of student all over the time period till they are studying. The Flower of Ser vice: Information Clearance Classes Degree Education Consultation Fees SubmissionThe flower’s petals are the supplementary service shown in the clockwise pattern in which they are often encountered by customers. Information: When a student comes in for admission they are provided with the admission form and guided about the procedure through which they can join Szabist. Consultation: The student can consult in which program they fit the most and what are the requirement criteria for that particular program. Fees Submission: Once the student went through the admission process they are asked to submit their fees beforehand.Classes: The classes are conducted on daily basis for whatever program a student is rolled in. Clearance: Once the student completes his/her credit hours criteria all payments are settled between the student and Szabist before the degree is granted. Degree: Degree is awarded by Szabist to the successful candidate who completes his/her course requirement. The Service Product mix: Width: Graduate Programs EMBA, MBA, MS (Computing), MS (Media Sciences), MS (Management Sciences), MS (Social Sciences & Economics) and Ph. D. Undergrad ProgramsBBA, BABS, BS (Computing), BS (Media Sciences), BS (Social Sciences), BE Mechatronics, Biosciences and LLB. Length: The total number of courses offered by Szabist. Depth: EMBA SZABIST offers a two years EMBA degree for the executives and the middle/level managers who strive for excellence and greater challenges in their professional life. The EMBA is a two years program spread over six semesters and consists of 66 credit hours. 20 courses, 1 Business Project (3 credits) and 1 Research Project (3 credits) are required to graduate. Maximum time limit to complete the EMBA degree is five years.MBA SZABIST offers MBA degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance, Supply Chain Management, Islamic Banking, MIS and Economic Policy & Management. Both MBA (Day) and MBA (Evening) programs are offered. For students with a 4-year BBA degree, the duration of the MBA Program is 1. 5 years. 10 MBA courses (30 credits) and a research project (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years.For students with a 4-year non BBA degree / relevant degree, the duration of the MBA program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree the duration of the MBA program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam.The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. MS (Computing) SZABIST offers MS degre e with majors in Information Technology, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The MS is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis / Research Project / Course Work. For students with a 4 year BS or 2 year MCS degree, the MS is a two year program. 9 MS courses and Thesis/ Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours). For students with a 4 year professional degree (BE, MSc etc. ), the MS Program is a two year program.Deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis/Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours +18 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) For students with a 3 year BCS degree, the MS Program is a three year program. One year of deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis or Research Project are needed to graduate (33 credit hours + 30 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Media Sciences) SZABIST offers the MS Media Sciences degree. The MS Media Sciences is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis.For students with a 4-year BS Media Sciences or relevant Bachelors or Masters degree, the MS Program is 1. 5 – years. 8 MS courses (24 credits) and a thesis (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 4-year non-relevant Bachelors or Master degree, the duration of the MS program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam.The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree, the duration of the MS program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-weeks internship and clear the SZABIST comprehen sive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years MS (Management Sciences) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance and IT (MIS/ E-Business).The MS program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or Thesis (30 credits). The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Social Sciences & Economics) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in Social Sciences & Economics with majors in Psychology, Sociology, International Relation, Political Science, Economics, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Law & Human Rights and Public Policy.The MS Program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or a Thesis/ Independent Studies (30 credit hours). Ph. D. SZABIST offers the Ph. D. degree in Management Sciences, Computing and Social Sciences & Economics that can be completed dur ing the evenings in two years after the MS / MBA degree. 6 Ph. D. courses and a dissertation are required to graduate. A total of 48 credit hours must be completed. For candidates with a 4 year professional (BBA / BS / BE / MBA / MCS / MSc / MA) degree, the Ph.D. Program is a three year 78 credit hours program. MS degree (30 credits) must first be successfully completed. In Management Sciences, specializations include Organizational Structure, Human Resource Management & Development, and International Business Strategy & Development, e-Business Strategy, Leadership, Corporate Restructuring, Corporate Ethics & Governance, Advanced Financial Management, Marketing Communication and Not-for-Profit Management.In Computing, specializations include Database Management Systems, Data Warehousing & Mining, Networking & Communication, Business Intelligence, Process Modeling, Telecommunication, Mobile Communication, Mobile Computing, Technology Management, Artificial Intelligence, Software Engi neering, Agent Systems, Speech Recognition, Multimedia & HCI Systems and e-Business, Mechatronics and Machine Vision & Image Processing.In Social Sciences & Economics, specializations include Economics, International Relations, Political Science, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Law & Human Rights and Public Policy. The total time to earn a Ph. D. degree after a four-year university degree is a minimum of three years to a maximum of seven years. BBA SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BBA degree program with majors in Management, Marketing, Finance, and IT.The BBA Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses and a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening) and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BBA degree is seven years. BABS SZABIST offers the 3 years BA (Hons) Busi ness Studies of the University of Wales, Newport, UK. Students can earn BABS, UK, and Degree after completing two years of study at SZABIST and one year at Newport, UK, through an articulation agreement. Students aiming for a UK degree can join this programme and save 2 years UK cost.Two years study at SZABIST is fully mapped and matched with University of Wales BA (Hons) Business Studies curriculum. Please refer to separate SZABIST brochure for details of this program. BS (Computing) SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Computing) degree with majors in Information Technology, Telecommunications, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 40 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 130 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam.The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Media Sciences) S ZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Media Sciences) degree with majors in Production and Advertising. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses & a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Social Sciences)SZABIST offers a four your (eight semesters) BS (Social Sciences) degree with majors in Psychology, Sociology, Economics, Political Sciences and International Relations. BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 48 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours, Internship and the passing of the Comprehensive Exam. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BE Mechatronics SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BE (Mechatronics Engineering).The BE program is essentially a day program and consists of 43 courses (five or six courses per semester) with a total of 142 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam . The maximum time limit to complete the BE degree is seven years. Biosciences BS Biosciences at SZABIST is a four year program spread over 8 semesters and consists of 135 credit hours of teaching, 44 courses, internship of at least six weeks, and research project are needed to graduat LLBSZABIST offers the LLB University of London International Programmes This is an evening program and can be completed in three years. The University of London, UK will award the LLB degree. Please refer to the separate SZABIST brochure and to the University of London web site. www. londoninternational. ac. uk for details of this program. Reference: http://khi. szabist. edu. pk/programs

A Review of Terry Eagleton’s The Meaning of Life Essay

Yet another non-fiction attempt at explaining the intricacies of life as we know it is in the offing, and the uninformed would most likely lump this particular one with the rest of mediocrity’s spawns. However, the less ignorant would recognize the prestige that is synonymous with the author’s name, which echoes loudly of literary theory and Marxism, in the most acceptable and understandable terms. Terry Eagleton’s discourse on one of the most profound yet unanswerable questions ever to be posed in actual form could have gone two disparate ways: the academic, which would call on the powers of scholarly influence and intervention; and the sardonic, which would debunk all trite and contrived notions about the subject and introduce a new concept that may border between reality and fantasy—or at least within the contexts of Eagleton’s philosophy. But the great theorist, without presenting his work as the millennium’s definitive answer to life and all its meanings, does what he is good at—analysis, study, and intellectualism. The big question in focus is quite applicable, as Eagleton begins, to the different persuasions available, from language to philosophy to civilization. Here is where the Eagleton style of in-depth probing takes place, and readers new and old will always find the author’s signature wit and humour refreshing against the backdrop of the subject’s utter seriousness and complexity. Eagleton builds his argument by citing some of the differences among people, based on their particular eras. He discussed how the issues thrown against faith and organized religion figured prominently in the late nineteenth century, and this brought on the question about life’s meaning in bigger, more insistent ways. Then we see how the great mind forms his own theory, but only after seeing how he provides a comparison between his thinking and those that came before him. The first, most obvious and easiest target would be Christianity and its various interpretations, that declares God as the all-powerful, all-knowing source of the world’s meaning and its corresponding effect on life itself, and the tenet that deems the world chaotic and meaningless without God. Eagleton quickly forges to disprove this established belief, by invoking the theories and discoveries alluded to by science, and how, even without the concept of God, the universe would continue to be an entity independent of anything, with a symmetry and logic that defies any claim on source and end. Eagleton did not agree with the free-flowing, opinion-respecting parameters of post-modernism, either. He found the standard allusions to individualism and realms and contexts of varying interpretations as contrary to the search for meaning; because meaning can only be discovered through dialogue with the world, and any pre-tense of an individual of finding the same unto himself or herself does not operate logically within Eagleton’s study. One must validate his or her particular life meanings with what the world has already set, out of respect and value for a construct that is no longer such, but is really a defined and proven reality that can mix both beauty and logic on the same level. Upon presenting his own personal cause towards providing an answer to the stated question, Eagleton now invokes Aristotelian philosophy to concretise an aspect of the meaning. According to Aristotle, human life’s significance lies within happiness—yet not just mere pleasure. Eagleton agress with this idea, and confirms the classic philosopher’s opinion that happiness may only be received through virtue, wherein virtue is, more than anything, a social practice and not a way of thinking. Therefore, happiness, which is the purpose of life, is also its practical and realisable version. However, all is not completely nice and happy in the Eagleton-Aristotle team-up—the author, after the initial meeting of great minds regarding the ideal integration of politics, ethics and happiness in one ideal society, admonishes the classicist’s expressed elements of a society necessary to attain happiness. That Aristotle defined this as one complete with women and slaves earmarked to carry out any dirty work while man goes forth to traverse the levels of happiness, is an ideal best left in history books and pageant presentations. Eagleton, being the trouper he is, tries to make up for Aristotle’s slip by taking the latter’s happiness concept and raising it one—to centre on the ultimate idea of love. Not erotic love, no, but that among fellow men, and even enemies. As with Aristotle’s original happiness idea, Eagleton’s love construct is a lifestyle, a practical way of giving meaning to life. He goes further by adding the presence of another individual in the equation, with whom love may be realized through mutual support. This refers to space for growth, a means to being one’s best. And, being one of Marx’s greatest disciples, Eagleton qualifies this concept by requiring the individuals be equals for real reciprocity, for the absence of such will render this adjudged purpose and meaning of life futile. The book ends with Eagleton’s inspired way of comparing life with jazz music, where improvisation is key, yet function as a whole. Thus, the author promises the answers to be found in this precise situation—happiness being individual and collective, which can only be realised through love. If any other writer tried to use the same words and the same concepts to give his or her own interpretation, everything would sound fake, and probably even absurd. But Terry Eagleton’s lucid writing and light touch prove that these often-lambasted elements may actually still be understood for what they are, and that love and life are indeed connected—all to provide the meaning we have long wanted to find.

Am i next? Essay

I ran down the stairs like the speed of lighting with coffee in one hand and my briefcase in the other, and being the clumsy person I am I stumbled a couple of steps and split HOT piping coffee all over my new Ralph Lauren shirt that my wife had bought me for my 30th birthday. Limping on one foot I put down the coffee and walked out the house picking up my silver keys from the kitchen table and I slamed the door on the way out. I tore a rather large leaf off the crocked Cox apple tree that was growing in my front garden, it was so big the roots were lifting up the paved drive way. I tore that leaf off to clean the coffee stain of my shirt, but unfortunately it only made it worse. From the Swede brown colour my shirt originally was, the leaf managed to turn the small coffee patch stain into green slug slim colour. Like a hover bee hovering around, waiting to sting an innocent human I walked outside my drive to see the traffic from a far distance you could see within the heat waves that cars were producing, a long line of cars horning and you could hear the drivers screaming at each other. So I jumped into the car and backed out of my driveway. I was looking for a C.D to insert and play in my car but all I found was an old hanky, just like my shirt with coffee stains. I thought â€Å"what the heck might as well make use of it and try and at least get rid of the stain†, but it didn’t seem to work. The hanky just made matters worse, my shirt looked worse then when I had coffee on it. So now, not only did I hit my foot against the stairs and stumble down them and then pour piping coffee on my designer shirt I also thought I would be clever and try get rid of the stain only to find that I had made a pigs ear out of it all. Could my day get any worse? I drove along the narrow roads of St Don’s street, passing friends on the pavement smiling and waving at them. I couldn’t belive how much traffic there was. It was 8:45, and I needed to be in the works car park by 8:55 to allow my self to find a suitable place to park by that time I would have been in work on time, dead on 9 o’clock. But was this even possible? What made matters worse was that Mr Norris, the street gossiper was in his 1960’s banger talking to Mrs Norwich from his car window. He was blocking the dam road! I waited for two minutes to show that I had common courtesy and I had patience, but this was really pushing it. You see, I am the sort of man that does not really like time-wasters, not only do they give me a head ache they also blow my very short fuse in my head. I got out of my car and slammed the door, broke into their one-to-one conversations and I yelled. I yelled so loudly I could feel the coffee backing up on me. Mr Norris and Mrs Norwich soon got the message and drove off. By this time it was dead on 9 o’clock and I was still on St Don’s roads. Not only had I lost my time for finding a suitable parking space to park my pride and joy I was also extremely late for work. If I had one more late arrival at work my boss would either sack me or demote me. I soon came to the traffic lights which were at the end of St Don’s road and I was at the bend. The lights finally turned green, and as soon as I turned the bend going at 40mph the car beside me that had a drunken driver was speeding and he sped directly into a fruit stall. All you could see was apples ad plums splattered all over the floor. I didn’t bother to ask if the driver was alright or if the fruit seller was fine, I drove off not bothering to take any details or write an incident report. I finally arrived at work having to park my car at the far end of the car park. I then walked into work adjusting my tie and greeted the receptionist Gina and made my way across the lobby and opened my office door. As I was just about to step into my office a voice called out and said; â€Å"Sean you’re half an hour late, what’s wrong with you? Without you there is no job being done, but I am truly sorry without a job theirs is no future for you here† My boss had just made it clear that I was no longer a staff member at the ‘Technology software† company he also pointed at the brown cardboard box that was sitting on my desk, it looked like he had sorted my belongings out. He also told me and said

Response Paper to “The Invention of Lying”

Response Paper One Joseph Leemon For my analysis of the movie The Invention of Lying as it pertains to our class, I have selected two parts from the IPC book, where I can apply some of what I have learned so far. The first part is the Ethical Systems of Interpersonal Communication table from Chapter 1 and the Stages of the Interpersonal Perception Process from Chapter 2, The Ethical system of interpersonal communication contains five parts. Those parts are categorical imperative, utilitarianism, golden mean, ethic of care, and significant choice.Categorical imperative is an ethical system that suggests that we should act as an example to others. This is demonstrated throughout the movie as the entire population (except Mark when he begins to lie), tells the truth no matter how it might affect the other person. A specific example is when Anna is talking to her mother on the date, and explaining that Mark is unattractive and undesirable, even though he is sitting right across from her. Utilitarianism is the ethical system suggesting that what is ethical will bring the greatest good to the greatest number of people.An example of this would be when Mark tells the lie that he can speak directly to God, and he is confronted with a worldwide audience. He then decides to make up his own version of the Commandments, because he believes that these will help society at large in the best possible way. Golden mean is the ethical system where a person’s moral virtue stands between two vices, with the middle being the foundation for a rational society. This is displayed when Mark uses his lies to get closer to Anna throughout the movie by manipulating other people to get money and fame.The other side of it is when he tells his dying grandmother how wonderful heaven is, so she will be able to die peacefully. Mark also has various other situations like this that keeps him centered and good. The ethic of care is the system that is concerned with the connections among peop le and the moral consequences of decisions. Throughout the movie, Mark tries to get Anna to like him, even though she originally thought of him as ugly and as a loser. They begin to grow closer, until Anna decides to marry Brad, because Brad is of better â€Å"stock† than Mark.Anna does not end up going through with marrying Brad, because she realizes that there are more appealing aspects to Mark, even though he has told her that he has not told the truth. Significant choice is the belief that communication is ethical to the extent that it maximize our ability to exercise free choice. This is brought up in the movie a couple of times. One of the first times Mark uses it is when he runs into Frank, who is contemplating suicide. Mark did not have to tell Frank that he was a good guy, and that he was worth something, but he found it was the ethical thing to do, and exercised his choice in that way.Another time is near the end of the movie where Mark tells Anna that he has not be en telling the truth. He wanted her to like him for himself, and not all the money and fame that he had accumulated by lying, so he made the choice to tell her the truth. The second part is the Stages of the Interpersonal Perception Process from Chapter 2. These include attending and selecting, organizing, interpreting, and retrieving. This is used on Mark and Anna’s second date, when Anna asks Mark about his family.Mark is able to draw her in by telling her of his father and his grandmother. Mark then uses organizing to create the belief that he is good enough for Anna, but Anna still believes that he is ugly and she does not want to have children with him. Because of this, Mark interprets that even though he has more money, Anna will still not be with him romantically. Mark retains this idea that he is not good enough throughout the rest of the movie, until the very end where Anna finally decides that she wants to be with him because of the person he is on the inside.

Dame Van Winkle-An Epitome of Non-conformist Behavior

Dame Van Winkle is a dominant and practical-minded lady and her disposition and character does not match with the norms of the contemporary American society. She is an anti-thesis to the Romantic Rip Van Winkle who epitomizes the romantic traits of his age. There is no textual hint that Dame Van Winkle was hash by nature bit it was socio-economic compulsion that made her to castigate Rip time and again. She does not complement but even sometime challenges the contemporary social traditions and norms that require a complacent attitude and behavior on the part of woman.It is the nature ad characteristics of Rip that compel Dame to be a cultural villain. Her villainy is not due to any inherent flaw in her nature or due to habitual formation or propensity in her character. It is due to the circumstances in which she is placed and in which she has to perform suitably. Economic well-being of her family is her ultimate objective. Rip does not pay attention to this aspect and indulge himself helping others. Although he is â€Å"simple good-natured â€Å"and â€Å"a kind neighbor† but he is not a good family head.He is not pragmatic and does not think about the well-being of his family. He is a fellow who â€Å"take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble†. He uses to â€Å"starve on a penny than work for a pound†. Dame’s scolding is not a result of any pernicious nature or individual grudges. The story manifests that there are certain other male characters in the story that spend their time in useless activities and enjoy the blessing of indolence but their wives do not scold them. Their attitude is in conformity with the social norms.The author only portrays Dame with the colors of cruelty because she does not conform to the so-called model of contemporary women. This model requires women to act submissively and remain obedient and subservient to their husbands. It further requires them not to complain or criticize the behavior of their husbands. Same is the case with Dame. Her husband, society and author want her to behave and act accordingly but she does not do so. Although her behavior is not appropriate to the social and cultural norms of the day but was most apt response according to the economic and domestic conditions of her family.In spite of doing something practical regardless of her rebuke and reproach, he used to â€Å"frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village† and used to take refuge in idle activities. This further infuriates Dame and she further performs a non-conformist act by going into the stronghold of the men and scolds Rip’s companions as well. Although it is courageous act according to the social norms of today but it was considered a height of bad manners by that societies and that company. That’s the reason that contemporary society only blames her for all the misdeeds.Irving provides certain hints about other facets of her characters. He portrays her as a neat and clean lady who always keeps her house tidy. There is no quarrel between her and her neighbors or any other woman of the village. All the above-mentioned arguments and supporting evidence manifest that Dame Van Winkle was not of a tyrannical nature but it was Rip’s failing as a husband and father that make her behave so. Furthermore, she is regarded cantankerous not due to real bad temper but due to non-conformity with the contemporary social norms. Work Cited Irving, Washington. Rip Van Winkle. New York: Philomel Books, 1999.

International accounting and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International accounting and finance - Essay Example International companies play a huge role in the global company and can have a powerful influence on the prospects and performance of several economies, especially those that are directly influenced by its business operations and decisions (Ray Whittington, 2007). Irrespective of their nature of operation, both domestic as well as international companies rely on the efficient management of their financial resources, wherein the financial management of the company can be defined as the management of the financial resources of a business organization so as to guide it towards the achievement of its financial objectives (Arthur Andersen, 1977). In this aspect, there are a few aspects, which are entirely applicable irrespective of the area or extent of operation of the company. With a view to improving the prospects of commercial business as the basis of the structure for the organization, the key objectives of managing the finances of the firm are to primarily generate revenue and profits for the business apart from ensuring the liquidity levels within the business. In addition, it is also necessary for financial management to provide the required strategies to help generate a healthy return on investment by assisting in identifying and mitigati ng all the risks involved in conducting the business by putting in a certain set of resources. In this respect, financial management is achieved for any firm through three main sections. Planning: in order to fund business operations, the management needs to be sure of the amount of funding available and the sums required to aid the needs of the business. Funding is required to invest in the company, its infrastructure, human resources as well as assist in the sales made over the credit (Barry Epstein, 2001). For longer terms, funding is also required to enhance the levels of productivity

Trade preferences for developing countries Essay

Trade preferences for developing countries - Essay Example On the other hand, in 2005, the OECD3 conducted an empirical research and reached to the conclusion that multilateral trade liberalization implemented by the EU has resulted in comparatively higher sizeable corrosion of predilections than the liberalization processes implemented by countries like Canada, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Thus, the importance of the trade preferences provided by the EU proved to be relatively less in comparison with the preferential schemes provided by other countries. The conclusion of OECD has also been maintained by Nilsson in his empirical research conducted in 2007. In the year of 2007, Persson and Wilhelmsson4 put their effort to find that some particular EU preferential deals had produced great impacts, specifically the schemes that were offered to the Pacific countries as well as the African Caribbean nations. These kinds of findings had earlier been reported by Nilsson in 20025. However, the preference schemes of a donor country should be seen with respect to the overall trade openness of the donor. For instance, if a benefactor does not have a high figure relating to the imports covered under the preferential schemes, then this would result in the entrance of a bulky share of the donor’s imports under the mechanism of MFN-0 tariffs. In this case, the capacity for preferences is limited as well. As a result, no matter whether the utilization of the rate of preferences in such state of affairs is high or low, it no longer becomes so vital. For getting an accurate picture of the openness of a donor to imports from less developed or developing nations, it is vital to study the share and the quantity of imported commodities entering the EU under the scheme of MFN-0, the proportion and volume of dutiable imports, the proportion of imports entitled to preferential arrangements, and, finally, the rate of preference utilization. This paper will put its effort to examinee the impact of EU trade preferences towards developing countries with special focus on India on the basis of existing literatures. However, before moving onto analyzing the impact, the paper will discuss the existing trade preference scheme. Then, it will consider general impact on developing countries a s a whole and finally it will put its special focus on India. Scope and coverage of trade preferences forwarded by EU: The fundamental principle of World Trade Organization is to practice the non-discriminating attitudes among the trading partners. However, it has been accepted that the developing nations should get favored treatment, compatible with their relatively disadvantageous economic situations. During 1971, following one of the UNCTAD’s (United Nations Conference on Trade & Development) recommendations, it was pointed out that the nations that had entered into the agreement under the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), predecessor to what is now known as the WTO, had agreed upon on a waiver of ten-y ears for the

Tlatelolco Massacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tlatelolco Massacre - Essay Example The incident clearly violated the human rights of this century as it killed many innocent people of the subcontinent. Massacres have taken place through out the world at different instances. At some instances the governments of states itself has been involved in carrying out the massacres. In other words massacres can also be defined as the mass killing of people without any concrete reason. Furthermore the causes of some of the mass massacres which have taken place in the history of this world are yet to be known. One of the massacres of such intensity is known as Tlatelolco Massacre. This took place in the city of Mexico on the date of October 2, 1968. It is known to be the deadliest of massacres which took place over a century in the city of Mexico. This essay would further analyze the massacre from all view points and would further examine the role of CIA in response to the massacre which happened. The incident of Tlatelolco took place in October 1968 at Plaza de las Tres Culturas. It was an armed incident which took place in the response of student demonstrations in Mexico. The year 1968 marked different demonstrations of students taking place all over the world which inspired the Mexican students also. Furthermore the students started having different rallies all over the city to get some of their demands accepted. The students further started to threaten the authorities of dire consequences if their demands were not met. The students had different demands which in totality wanted abolition of certain authorities and wanted to get some officers dismissed. The students also had other demands which were not being accepted by the government. At that time the President of Mexico was Gustavo Diaz Ordaz. He was determined to end the student demonstrations through out Mexico through different means and he even took aggressive methods to end it up. Till October the demands of the st udents were yet not met and they threatened the event of Olympics which were to take place in Mexico 1968. This took the authorities with surprise and it is reported that the government asked for support from the US to stop any mishap from happening in the Olympics. The rallies of the students extended to such a number that it became alarming for the authorities and on the eve of October 2 at Plaza de las Tres Culturas aggressive means of methods were used against these students to make them finish their demonstrations. However after the massacre it was till 2003 not established as to who was responsible for the massacre. The government at that time claimed that some of the students hiding in other buildings had started firing on the security forces and in response the security forces did the same. Although different stories have been put up by the State department, FBI and CIA the view points of CIA would be emphasized more in this essay. The State department which was being informed by different sources about the incident is still not having clear claims as to how the incident occurred all the authorities have contradictory views as to from the first shot took place. The army is not blamed at by the authorities as the general of army was trying to disperse the crowd when the first shot was fired. The Federal Bureau of Investigation also had no prior knowledge as to how the inc

Presentation notes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Presentation notes - Essay Example In the cost method, depreciation is charged in the income statement against income as an expense, and the value of the asset after deducting depreciation is carried to the balance sheet. In the revaluation method, any increase in future value of the asset, is recorded in the balance sheet and is recognized directly in equity under the head revaluation surplus. If the future value of an asset decreases then the decrease is recorded in the income statement as an expense item. Accounting for the revaluation method is beneficial if the future value of the assets increase since the inclusion of revaluation surplus will increase revaluation reserve, which will increase the value of equity of a company. But if the future value is on the verge of decrease it is better to consider the cost method instead of the revaluation method for the purpose valuation of assets on a long-term basis. The reason to this can be explained with the help of a small example given below- Question: A building was purchased by a company on 1st January 2009 at a cost of $100million. The company estimates the life-time of the asset to be 50years, and thus the asset is to be depreciated over 50years. The company decides to use the revaluation for determining the value of the buildings at the end of 2015. The value of the building at the end of 31st December 2015 was $80 million, as determined by an efficient valuer. Answer: Using the revaluation method as opted by the company- Value of the building on 1st January 2009= $100million Value of the building on 31st December 2015= $80million Therefore, Accumulated Depreciation= $20million ($100million-$80million). Thus the value at which the asset is to be carried in the balance sheet on 31st December 2015 is $80million. If the company had opted for the cost method of depreciation, then- Value of the building on 1st January 2009= $100million Life of the asset= 50years Therefore, Accumulated depreciation at the end of 6years on 31st December 2015= $100 million/50years * 6Years = $12million. Thus the value at which the asset is to be carried in the balance sheet on 31st December 2015 is $88million. Thus, from the above example it can be concluded that due to the use of revaluation method, a revaluation loss of $8million was suffered which is adjusted against the existing revaluation reserve of the company. It also led to the increase in the value of depreciation and decreased the value of the asset in the balance sheet. Increase in depreciation will affect the income adversely, as it will lead to a decrease of net income by $8million which will have a consequent effect on the balance sheet and will also impact the shareholders. Considering the above illustration, it is advisable to use the cost method to record the value of land and building of Rabbit Limited. Though revaluation method is considered to provide a more accurate record in terms of part replacement and depreciation, yet it is criticized on the grounds that the amount o f depreciation charged on a particular asset differs year to year though the asset provides the same benefits, which make the accounting system complex and time consuming, and sometimes it is said to have chances of manipulation. So as stated by the director of Rabbit ltd. that the prices of the value of real estate are on the verge of decreasing, so it will be better to use the

The law relating to non-fatal offences against the person is in urgent Essay

The law relating to non-fatal offences against the person is in urgent need of reform - Essay Example The law relating to non-fatal offences against the person is in urgent need of reform Some words have been interpreted in case laws, for instance, the term malicious which is used in Section 20 and 18 is not defined by the Act but courts have defined it as mens rea in section 20 and â€Å"with intent† in Sec 18. Assault, battery, grievous bodily harm and actual bodily harm are some non-fatal offenses which are contained in Section 18, 20 and 47 of the Offenses Against Persons Act 18612. Generally, offenses against a person refer to any crime which is committed by use of physical harm or force against the victim. Non-fatal offenses include assault, poisoning, wounding and inflicting grievous bodily harm, and battery. Wounding or inflicting grievous bodily harm is a crime according to Sec 18 of Offenses Against a Person Act 1861 while administering poison is offense which is outlawed by Sec 24 of the same Act3. The law has not defined the word malicious which is contained in Sec 18 and 20. The law should be reformed to give a proper definition of malicious which in simple language may refer to bad motive of the offender. Conflicting arguments about mens rea have also been witnessed. Sec 47 of the Act provides the same mens rea as for lesser offenses such as a battery or assault. The law in this case is inconsistent since it not a requirement for the offender to realize the risk of injury and liability will arise even when the offender causes grievous body harm that result to minor harm . 4. The law is also inconsistent in the sentencing structure on the maximum sentence attached to each offense. For instance, offenses under Sec 39 of the Act carries a maximum imprisonment term of six months while an offense under Sec 47 provides for a maximum of five years imprisonment5. Mens rea which is equivalent in both Sec 39 and Sec 47 of the Act leads to variations in the sentence thus unjust. Sec 20 offenses of the Act are considered to cause more injury yet they carry the same imprisonment sentence as sec 47 offenses. According to justice and fairn ess principles of the legal systems, offenders should be morally distinguishable and be treated in a different manner depending on their motive of committing the crime. The Offenses Against the Person Act 1861, is completely outdated since it does not reflect the current social structure. New forms of communication, diseases and methods of committing crime have not been catered for in the law. For instance, Sections 18, 20 and 47 of the Act use the common word â€Å"bodily harm† which leaves psychological injury that the victim may suffer due to fear or medical complications due to transmission of diseases such HIV. For instance, Sec 18 of the Act makes it offense wounding and causing grievous bodily harm with intention to the victim, but it fails to give a clear definition of injury. However, courts have been of the opinion that injury should constitute both physical and any mental injury sustained by the person including unconsciousness, pain, and impairment of the mental a bility of the person. Sec 20, which makes it offense to wound or inflict grievous bodily harm and Sec 39 on common law assault and battery does not define the nature of injury which can result from the reckless or intentional application of force to the victim6. The law on mens rea of battery needs urgent reforms. The prosecution should prove the unlawful application of force to the other person or the recklessness of the offender in his or her actions. Sec 47

Procurement assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Procurement assignment - Case Study Example When it comes to getting goods, raw materials and other kinds of specialized services, these organizations tends to rely on the process of procurement, in order to get the best suppliers for the intended services and goods needed for the success of their business goals and objectives (Amaratunga & Baldry 2002, p. 45). The procurement process, as used in such organizations refers to the act of acquiring services, goods and different kinds of works from external sources different from the business. In the process of procurement, it is very important that those particular goods and services as well as other kinds of works be very appropriate, being procured from the best and favorable costs that are according to the needs of the business organisation with respect to their quality and quantity standards. A procurement process that is professionally done enhances success in business functions, something that later becomes a competitive strategy for the particular businesses (Sekaran 2003, p. 23). Public and corporate bodies often define procurement as the processes aimed at promoting open and fair competition for their particular businesses while minimizing exposures to instances of fraud and collisions. This paper examines the process of procurement as done by an engineering firm that was seeking the services of oil explorers in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is one of largest countries in Europe, being estimated to have a size that is almost equivalent to that of Western Europe. The country comprises of a highly varied landscape that stretches all the way from the mountainous sections found to the east, going all the way to the vast lowlands that are energy rich to the west. Additionally, it includes the largely industrialized northern lands with their cold climates that go all the way to the steppes of the semi-desert of the central belt, all the way to the very fertile grasslands found to the south. Kazakhstan is a

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Midterm - Essay Example However, comparing the two, there are major differences which make the film more articulate and detailed in detailing the motives, desires and intricacies that led to Frank’s murder, which the novel does not address critically. The short story begins as Matt thinks about Frank’s funeral, which creates suspense at the beginning as readers are not introduced to the motive behind Frank’s death. The suspense at the begging slowly wears out as the story progresses to Frank’s burial and the planned revenge which makes the audience to learn what really happened to Frank. On the contrary, the film offers a good background of the story and beings as Natalie and Frank run in an open field kissing one another in a romantic scene, which creates a deception that the film would be a romantic one. However, the film still prepares the audience not to expect a romantic scene as the lovers are only seen half way, their faces are not visible, while a strong wind blows through the trees, a case that is not ideal for a love scene. This crates some difference in the plot, which affects the relationship of events. The novel delves directly into death and the revenge as Frank’s farther ponders about hi s next move, the revenge. However, the film plot first brings about the theme of love and passion, and a plot with complex relationships as the story starts to unfold. These incidences are descriptive of what really happened to Frank, and why he was killed. While in the short story the plot is laid by Matt’s feelings and thoughts of a possible revenge (Dubus, 105), the film organizes the plot in a chronological order, which offers the audience enough information regard the murder while the novel does not. The killings are narrated purely from the Fowler’s viewpoint, and present his thoughts as pure revenge through exploring his emotions and bitter feelings regarding his son’s death, which alters his moral judgment and perception of morality (Dubus,

CRITICAL CONTEXTS of LAW- STORY( answer the questions) Essay

CRITICAL CONTEXTS of LAW- STORY( answer the questions) - Essay Example In turn, this conflict is further mirrored by the confusion regarding the difference between a civil liberty and a human right. It is submitted that the criticism of the philosophical concept of human rights as a reality centres on the dichotomy between the deontological â€Å"shared ethics† paradigm and the utilitarian approach (Donnelly, 2003, p.7). On the other hand, a â€Å"civil right† whilst related to human rights is completely distinct and specifically relates to a legal right which can be protected and exercised under civil law (Foster, 2008, p.10). As such, a civil right may include a human right but is completely distinct from a human right (Foster, 2008). For example, under the civil law common law jurisdiction in the UK, individuals have rights not to be injured or the victims of negligence or nuisance as part of a civil right (Foster, 2008). Whilst civil rights are exercisable and protected by the state, human rights on the other hand are not automatically exercisable, which in turn has perpetuated a debate as to whether the concept of human rights are in fact a â€Å"fiction† of modern, western liberal democracies (Reed, 2007, p.11). ... Indeed, this very point is the fundamental distinction between a civil right, which is enforceable and exercisable on the one hand in contrast to the individualistic concept of a human right on the other. Furthermore, Donnelly highlights the point that the â€Å"the ability to claim rights, if necessary distinguishes between having a right from simply being the (rights-less) beneficiary of someone else’s obligations. Paradoxically, then â€Å"having† a right is of most value precisely when one does not have the right† (Donnelly, 2003, p.8). It is submitted that this observation is arguably crucial to the practical success of the shared ethics paradigm in terms of the innate morality informing human adherence to basic fundamental rights. Moreover, Donnelly questions the notion of â€Å"shared† rights as in a â€Å"Hobbesian state of nature, rights would never be respected; at best disinterest or self interest would lead duty-bearers not to deny the right h older the object of her right (Donnelly, 2003, p.8). Accordingly, Donnelly’s points highlight the point that whereas ethics refer to the morality of human rights, this can contrast with the actual enforcement of morality as defined by ethical theory, which again highlights the fundamental distinction between an enforceable civil rights on the one hand and human rights on the other. Indeed, Donnelly highlights the point that â€Å"â€Å"Human rights traditionally have been thought of as moral rights of the highest order. They have also become, as we will see in more detail later, international legal rights† (Donnelly, 2003, p.11). As such, this has led to commentators questioning the concept of human rights in international

Media corruption - other side of the coin Essay Example for Free

Media corruption other side of the coin Essay ‘Whoever controls the media, controls the mind† In today’s world, the media has become a necessity just like food, clothing, and shelter. The media was ideally designed to be impartial and unbiased – to provide information, news, and knowledge that is objective and socially constructive. Unfortunately, in recent times, because of its money making approach the media has adopted a biased approach that is benefitting politicians and the corporate leaders. Sadly, the media is known to be resorting to â€Å"Paid News† – news that is published or broadcasted to benefit a certain class of people who have huge economic power and who wield that economic power to buy â€Å"The News† in their favor. The viewer’s/readers of such â€Å"Paid News† are at such a loss with this information that lacks integrity and they can be easily misled. Actually the readers/viewers are deceived in to believing â€Å"Paid News† which is indeed misrepresentation of the truth.. Article 19 of the Constitution of India â€Å"Reach to the public† states the right to freedom of speech and expression to media .When this freedom is misused by the media, it becomes a prime reason for media corruption, and more or less the willingness of Indian Govt. to eradicate this problem. The objective of this paper is to highlight the roots and remedies of media-corruption in India and to create awareness about the general public about the distortion of news/information by the media – to enable viewers to discern, and not be uninformed consumers of the news. Key words: necessary, money making approach, freedom.

Mentorship in Professional Practice

Mentorship in Professional Practice The following assignment will critically analyse the mentors role in facilitating learning within the practice setting. It is of importance to define the following terms: mentors role, facilitating learning, accountability, and supporting students who are failing in practice setting. The importance of establishing effective working relationships, an analysis of the learners’ needs, promote effective assessment and the evaluation of learning will be analysed. Finally, the conclusion will be drawn from the analysis of this assignment. A mentor is a clinical practitioner who supports, guides, supervises and facilitates student learning during a clinical practice Stuart (2007). Mentors are seen as a fundamental influence to students in a learning environment where students utilise their theoretical knowledge in to practical, learn key skills and achieve the required competence for registration. Ali et al (2008) also states that mentoring is an important that every nurse has to assume, formally or informally, sooner or later. Historically the concept of mentor dates back from the Greek mythology. Mentor was a friend of Odysseus who left his wife Penelope and son Telemachus, whilst he went to war. Odysseus asked his friend to guide and support his son therefore being his mentor (Pellat, 2006). The author agrees with the above authors as she is an experienced nurse who guides junior nurses, through reflection and feedback in their duty of care. Nursing and midwifery council [NMC] (2008) recommends that prior to the commencement of placement, mentors are to ensure that all students are allocated a mentor one week before to let the student and mentor prepare for the experience. A mentor does not only advise and guide students, but he or she is a role model to junior nurses. According to Morton and Palmer (2002) cited in Ali et al (2008) by being a role model , the mentor provides an observable image of imitation, demonstrating skills and qualities for the student to emulate. NMC (2006) notes that the role of a mentor in a clinical setting is fundamentally focused on the NMC competencies. Chandan and Watts (2012) noted â€Å"that mentor’s role goes beyond teaching knowledge and skills as they alleviate anxieties and supports students with acceptance and socialisation into both the higher education and clinical contexts†. Mentors establish effective working relationship by demonstrating their competence in building adequate skills to support learning for students who will becoming part of the team within the clinical settings. The key role of a mentor is to a help the student integrate into their designated practice setting. Royal College of Nursing [RCN] (2007) suggests that the relationship between a student and a mentor can be achieved by welcoming, orientating inducting and integrating the student into the multi-disciplinary team within the first 24 hours of entering learning environment. Learning can be facilitated by a positive relationship between mentors and students. This can create a mutual relationship built on understanding and empathy facilitating students to maximise their potentials within the clinical setting (Zellers et al, 2008). This relationship between student and mentor can be enhanced by working 40% of direct and indirectly of their time and also alongside the mentors shift patt ern. A mentor supervises the students assigned to her within a practice setting. Taylor cited in Stuart and Sundeen (1997) define supervision as an intensive interpersonally focused, one to one relationship in which one person is designated to facilitate the development of therapeutic competence in the other person. However, Ironbar and Hooper (1989) suggested that the supervisor should be someone with extensive clinical experience and training, who can provide expert support and guidance with well-planned learning opportunities, the provision of support and coaching for students in order to facilitate learning According to Johansson et al, (2010) the relationship between the student and mentor is the most factor contributing to clinical learning experience. Students attain direct knowledge and skills resulting in becoming aware of their roles. Willis report (2012) mentions that â€Å"Effective understanding of collaboration and inter-professional working is a key component of pre- regis tration nursing education†. A well collaborated learning contract can enable the mentor to facilitate learning with a clinical setting. According to (Worrall, 2007) an effective orientation to a clinical placement can help the student to feel relaxed and encourages motivation for learning through early identification of learning objectives. To have the opportunity of being a member of the multi-professional team, the mentor must ensure that the student is fully integrated into the team and working alongside professionals so that he or she can gradually become competent in most clinical of skills. Learning within a clinical setting can be facilitated through the use of a variety of approaches by mentors and staff who have the right skills. Mentors facilitate learning to students by applying reflective learning as a learning technique that reinforces the mixing of theoretical and realistic learning into practice. According to (Pritchard and Gidman, 2012; Carr, Heggarty and Carr, 2010) â€Å"Reflective learning i s an effective tool in supporting mentorship, allowing students the opportunity to reflect on past experiences and to learn from them before moving forward†. (Pritchard and Gidman, 2012) elaborated further that by adopting new teaching approaches, mentors can address students past experiences enabling the students to have some confidence to reflect on what they have learning outcomes. NMC standards support learning and assessment (2008) outlined certain principles to be achieved in order to become a mentor. Mentors’ should be able to create an environment that can facilitate learning by supporting students, encouraging learning activities, off ward learning experiences, assessments, supervision, professional vision and applying evidence based practice within the clinical settings. It is a requirement that all registered nurses are to convey professional knowledge and competence to student nurses by regularly taking part in the learning and development of students through teaching, activities, supervision and assessments NMC (2010). NMC (2008) requirements recommends day to day support for the students’ by their allocated mentors in order to enable student learning experiences and assess practice learning outcomes. This can create a conducive learning environment within a clinical setting by teaching or providing learning opportunities for students an d colleagues through planning, reflective practice and evaluating learning activities. Mentorsare influential in helping the student reach theiraims and objectives. They carry out assessments to ascertain the students level of theoretical knowledge, practical clinical skills and also taking into account the learners previous experiences can aide mentors to facilitate learning. Sharing knowledge and experience with students assist the mentor to identify the student’s individual learning style Ali et al (2008). Therefore a mentor can facilitate a students learning by keeping his or her knowledge and skills up to date by researching into current trends and annual mentorship update. The role of a mentor is to ensure that there is readily available of learning resources, precise learning opportunities and a plan on how the student can achieve the planned learning objectives. Mentors must possess qualities such as a being an educator, good effective communication skills, acting as an advocate and good leadership qualities to institute an effective working environment for student nurses. However this can develop students’ in understand what is expected of them in the near future. Accountability is part of the mentors’ role in facilitating learning in a clinical setting through professional judgments on students’ performance. Mentors are accountable for confirming students who have met their NMC competencies in practice. Learning can be facilitated through appropriate support and supervision in carrying out summative assessment of the student‘s competence when carrying out clinical skills during teaching sessions. Mentors are accountable for every decision and action they make on the care provided by students (NMC 2010). They have the duty to facilitate learning and support failing students by giving constructive feedback and effective teaching sessions. However Duffy (2004) recommends mentors to fail students who are not able to meet the required level of practice because it is the mentor’s responsibility to make the final assessment and to be aware that they are accountable for passing or failing the student NMC, (2006). Keeping su fficient and evidence based records can help mentors to support their decisions. Rodgers (1969) defines facilitation as a style of teaching that assist mentors in understanding students’ effective style of learning that includes student focused learning, none commanded, self-directed reflective whilst involving them in the learning process. Mentors are regarded as effective facilitators in both skills and art because they engage everyone in the learning experience. By acting as an advocate, mentors can facilitate student growth and development resulting in students being able to solve problems simultaneously. Within the clinical setting mentors’ critical reflection as a method for teaching and learning can create an even pathway for the students to pursue their learning journey. According to the NMC code of practice (2008b, p: 5) have the duty to share their knowledge and skills to facilitate students’ and their colleagues development by teaching new skills for example depot injection techniques and completing risk assessment documents. Mento rs can facilitate learning by using physical resources such as teaching aids to enhance learning for students and colleagues within their clinical settings. It is essential for the mentor to facilitate learning to students by encouraging them to attend on and off ward learning activities for example, meetings, practice sessions, student forums and other health departments in order to acquire expertise clinical skills and knowledge and for further development. Mentors must ensure that there is a vast range of potential learning opportunities available to learners in order to facilitate learning and meeting specific students’ learning needs. At the same time the mentor needs to be mindful of the quality of the learning experience and consider how they can further develop the learning environment to enhance the students’s experience. The role of a mentor within a clinical setting is to develop the student clinical skills through teaching and explaining the clinical procedures and to provide the appropriate knowledge base for nursing interventions. Learning can be facilitated by equipping the clinical setting with all useful and adequate resources for carrying out the teaching sessions. Mentors can also obtain new knowledge and skills through their guidance and support of students (Klasen, 2002). Their contribution to a supportive learning environment and quality learning outcomes for students can be brought about by being approachable, supportive and being aware of the student’s style of learning. Mentors plays a significant role in the assessment of student’s level of capability assesses your level of capability student gains the optimum experience from the clinical learning environment. It is also important when embarking on the mentorship course and in house training for other qualified staff to assist students translate theory into practice. Mentors needs additional skills through structured learning activities and teaching sessions to utilise in an environment settings designed for this purpose, Gopee (2011) . Quinn (2000) commented that mentors can enhance students’ skills performance and development in a methodical and acute way by providing the students with feedback and reinforcement. Communication is the most important tool that a mentor can utilise to facilitate learning for students within a clinical setting. As a skilled communicator a mentor needs to establish additional communication skills for the management of students’ complex issues arising within the clinical setting. Components of communication are essential in a clinical setting because mentors are able to exchange information and establish an effective working relationship. Ali and Panther (2008) commented that mentors should use effective communication and facilitation of skills to develop a personal and professional relationship with the students allocated to them. Learning can be facilitated by carrying out the initial, intermediate and final interviews thus allowing the mentor to find out about the student’s previous learning experiences, identifying the individual’s strengths and weaknesses and their level of participation, Doel and Shardlow (2005). Interaction between stude nts and Mentors enables more flexible and individualised learning process using a one to one effective approach within a structured learning environment (Warren, 2010). Enhancing learning through assessment can assist the mentor’s ability to research and prepare an appropriate environment, which is conducive with learning, teaching and assessment. The provision of teaching and learning activities facilitate learning within a clinical setting as it enables the students to achieve the intended outcomes during their placement by relating theory to practice while developing critically reflective skills in order to facilitate learning NMC (2008). Mentors can facilitate learning by providing inter-professional learning opportunities for example integrated skills teaching model. By utilising the Kolb’s (1984) learning cycle mentors can integrate of theory into practice and the art of and science of nursing by using the four stages of learning namely Activist, Reflector, Theorist and Pragmatist. Mentors can facilitate student leaning by having a well-structured teaching session that includes style and space, providing feedback and identifying future learning needs. Learning styles promotes better student integration into clinical settings. Frankel, (2009) states that nurses learning styles promote better integration of theory i nto practice. The ability to critically analyse and evaluate the strengths and limitations of learning, teaching and assessment within their practice area is one of the mentors’ roles. However, through the knowledge the mentor possesses they can develop and present innovative approaches to enhance students’ learning. By carrying out student assessment a mentor can facilitate learning to a student by observing the student during a teaching session where by the mentor is bale to know the student’s learning style for example visual, auditory and kinaesthetic learning.